CHAPTER 3. Survival Mode Stories: Sudan’s Civil Wars

Anya-Anya I time period (1956-1972) could be categorized as ‘a pastoralist life’ phase, where citizens, and/or residences alike of South Sudan had a ton of livestocks, especially to the livestock rearing ethnic groups such as Nuer ethnic groups, and Dinka ethnic groups. And to rest of other river-lake Nilotic groups, the Murle ethnic group became a worst enemy in Cattle rustling for consumptions in the Regional Province of Equatoria, and Upper Nile in South Sudan. Especially in the Jonglei State in South Sudan, it is extremely rampant killing, or looting for merely sake of consumptions. Although, there was an ongoing Civil War between the South Sudan, and Old Sudan in those time period, people still were keeping livestock, where they deeply depended on, in supporting themselves combined with little Agricultural farming.

Moving from one place to other, it is unlikely as an ‘usual adaptations, and obvious life’ for a pastoralist ethnic groups like Dinka people and Nuer ethnic groups in South Sudan. In their stronghold Area of Upper Nile State in South Sudan, this could not be ruled out in search for better livestock pastures from one season to other. It is a routine habit since their Ancestors has had down to them from Creations, probably. It is so dangerous, especially livestock’s enemy are not that far away. But they unlikely dwelled in closest, and common place that makes risk and vulnerability of cattle disappearing to the hand of enemies. This Cattle rustling risk become extremely high alert. The Murle people of Pibor County, Jonglei State in South Sudan made life in the herding of cattle so much risky and dangerously onslaught life. In the herding and keeping of livestock, herdsmen should train their dogs, or horses for unpredictable cattle raiding events. People of Equatorial region in South Sudan, especially Anuak ethnic group had stopped keeping and herding the large quantity of livestock they had due to the Murle ethnic groups’ raidings. And only few of those ethnic groups in the Equatorial region in South Sudan  still have cattle, but they no longer depended on cattle keeping, anymore. Due to the Murle ethnic groups’ raiders, they literally vanished in those mountainous hillside, and canopy of region of Equatoria very easily in South Sudan. Even during the South Sudan and Old Sudan’s struggles, cattle raiding specifically did not calm down to which they made people’s lives in the ‘pastoralist phase’ so dangerous. And it is worth stopping and switching back to other sort of “ways of life” like Agricultural works. Although there were not any sufficient ‘ploughing machines’ for farming, the amount of rainfalls, on one hand, in the Country is pretty much improving, thus far. The Weather forecast was not being controlled and predicted by Meteorologists as it is today. In the past, they used to predict amount of rainfalls by using Barometer. They unlikely depended on the Weather Meteorologists’ forecasts. There were time when the weather forcast stay steady clear without scattered clouds in the Sky. This was what made farmers so anxious to continue with Agricultural farming in conjunction with livestock farming.

Few rifles were in the hand of people since they were not easier to acquire, to find, and to afford as well. In 1956-1972 Anya-Anya I Civil War was unlikely being waged during this time. People, who keep cattle had a high demand of purchasing rifles instead of ‘Spears and Bow-Arrows.’ In order to maintain herding and rearing cattles in those period of Joseph Lagu, who was the leader of 1956-1972 ‘Anya-Anya’ I Movement, Herdsmen used to protect their cattle by Spears, and Bow-Arrows. And the Freedom Fighters used to wage 1956-1972 Sudan’s Civil Wars with Old Sudan by using rifles, spears, and bow-arrows. They achieved their 1956-1972 Addis-Ababa Agreements in Ethiopia, after Intensive fighting with those aforementioned smuggled weapons, and ammunitions. There were tons of Political agenda, platforms, and protocols to which the South Sudanese(SPLM)Liberation Movements, the South Sudan Independence Movement(SSIM), and the South Sudan People’s Defense Force(SSPDF)people had set forth. With this life, people, especially in Jonglei State of Bor South County, Duk County and of Twic East County, they become so unenthusiastic and uninterested in maintaining livestock farming with sophisticated weapons like today. They decided to avert increasing threats of nonstop problems of cattle raiding attacks, the disputing problems of children abduction, and women kidnapping by smuggling weapons, and ammunitions from Old Sudan. In addition, they started to undergo nonstop problems of cattle raiding attempts from Murle Ethnic groups from Pibor County in South Sudan. Despite problems of Children abductions, and women kidnapping, cattle raiding attacks began to happen frequently. After raiding, and barbaric clashes, herdsmen started to think about ways to give up cattle. And there were unlimited choices for tendency to abandon livestock farming in these Counties of Duk County, Bor South County, and Twic East County in South Sudan, where I am from, was so high alert of cattle raiding insecurities. However, people did not stop Agricultural farming, and/or livestock keeping, although they posed deadly threats from 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency fighters, and from 1970s Murle Ethnic groups from Pibor County in South Sudan.

With also a low literacy amongst ethnic people of Dinka, abandoning livestock farming was not so easier things to stop. Since people would not support their families without livestocks farming, Agricultural works was their optimum choice available. They continued keeping cattle all those years from ‘Anya-Anya I Movement’ period of 1956-1972 until the second Intifada Uprising. This ‘Antifida’ word literally meant ‘uprising.’ And this uprising started in 1983-2005 against the Old Sudan. Since 1972 Addis-ababa's Agreements in Ethiopia was not satisfactory, it was worth keeping it without South Sudan’s 2011 Autonomous voting referendum from Old Sudan. With Comprehending agreements in both countries’ wealth sharings and other protocols that had been finally achieved in Naivasha—Kenya agreement in 2005.

Livestock farming in Twic East County, it was basic necessities for people of South Sudan. And also in other Dinka people’s stronghold area in some of Eleventh of Counties of Jonglei State in Bor South County and Duk County, there was unlikely a ‘career legacy. And this was ingrained to their traditions. It was probably passed down from one generation to other. Although it poses onslaughting threats to herdsmen in the farm, nobody really wanted to stop keeping livestocks as well. Depending on how many people in the households, they divided themselves of who to keep cattle. Portion of the households go, and acquire English and Arabic literacy. After graduating, they would be able to provide supports for their families. And  they also provided aid to rest of households whom they have had left herding livestock in the farms behinds. I do remember correctly from my family that they often talked about their forefathers. they said that past generation, and their ancestors had a legacy of livestock keepings. During that ‘stone Age’ period further back in the history of South Sudanese people, the literacy was something that comes with modernization. In 1890s, the British colonizers and Arabian Merchants of Mahdi from Middle East arrived at soil of the South Sudan. They of course, began to scramble the whole of Africa of its minerals to which they were on the reserve. They also started to setup system of governments like Boma’s Administrations. In addition, they eventually taught them on how to govern themselves.

Right after 1972 Addis-ababa agreement, they then eluded that second political intifada uprising began from 1983 to 2005. Between the two Countries of South Sudan and Sudan, this period could be said that it was the durations when ‘the end of pastoralist life trend ceased. Majority of people of Dinka ethnic groups, had started to enlist into the Sudan Army Forces(SAF). They went to the 1980s Sudan’s Civil Wars. And everything like livestocks in the farms were left in the hand of depopulated people, especially in our County of Twic East County and as well as to other two Counties of Bor South County and Duk County in Jonglei State in South Sudan. Bor South County, and Duk County’s residents also joined into SPLA Army Recruitment Training, too. These people, who went for Army training for South Sudan’s uprising against the Old Sudan, they were outnumbered. In 1983, this was trended, or known today as Koryom II Battalion Division of SPLA Army to which en mass number of people were young adults from cattle camps. It was a remarkable military surge. And this was unlikely a success story for the South Sudan SPLM political organization. In 1956-1972, the Anya-Anya I Movement’s uprising was also trended as an Equatorial uprising. That meant majority of  Equatorial regions’ people were in that movement. They were predominantly from Equatorial region in South Sudan. There were a lot of Dinka ethnic group from Twic East County, who had involved in the 1956-1972 Anya-Anya I Movement against the 1956 Old Sudan.

There is a popular Dinka Ethnic groups’ folklore that was coined and/or composed. During the SPLA Army’s Koryom II military enlistment in 1983, the livestock farmings have had been left to the hands of young people, elderly people, and women. There was high risk of livestock farming, and vulnerability of entrapment to hands of enemies, where the cattle started to disappear in Bush. The Murle ethnic people from Pibor County in Jonglei State in South Sudan and the Nuer ethnic people from Ayod County in Upper Nile State in South Sudan, were alike main cattle raiders. And the residents of Jonglei State in South Sudan have had experienced a high risk of cattle disappearance.This folklore literally goes in Dinka language: ‘Acie dong e madwei e mach e hok’ meaning that only young people with elderly people and women were left out for herding and rearing cattle without hope that they will manage maintaining livestock farming after young adult men trended as ‘koryom II’ were gone for South Sudan military with no hope for return to resume livestock farming to which they were known and praised.

Folklore as it was composed with literally meaning that ‘ livestock farming’ will definitely cease since only young people, elderly people and women were left to herd livestock, had manifested itself and livestock farming and agricultural works got thinner and thinner when South Sudan and Old Sudan resumed fighting. Resuming of South Sudan and Old Sudan war did not directly people and lifespan of livestock farming, however it affected them in a ‘backlash fashion’, where majority of young adult men had joined and enlisted in the 1983 South Sudan’s uprising against Old Sudan since dissatisfaction from ‘1972 Addis-ababa agreement’ was the main driving force behind enlistment and resumption of the South Sudan and Old Sudan’s war. Joseph Lagu, the leader of Anya nya I movement from Equatorial region did not get position in the unified government to which he was the architect with nothing much according to platform he drafted was accomplished. A different person from South Sudan was snapped in the unified government and the ‘Anya nya I’ movement leader Joseph Lagu from Equatorial region was demoted since Old Khartoum government thought he would still be rival leader rather than ‘puppet’ leader to accept compromise stipulated in the ‘1972 addis-abbas agreement’ to which Joseph Lagu had brokered and had signed with the total oversight and monitoring from Africa Union (AU) organization formerly known as Organization for Africa Union (OAU).

Predicted ‘end of pastoralist life phase’ since mass majority of young adult men referred to as ‘Koryom II’ went to the South Sudan military trainings came to effect in 1991-1993 Nuer ethnic group massacre-cleansing when they had defected from the South Sudan SPLM mainstream political organization with number of Prisoners of Wars (POWs) and ignited an insurgency fighting in the Twic East County, Duk County and Bor South County for political propaganda to weaken the SPLM political organization and its leaderships from the grassroots by plundering and taking everything to which their left behind civilian populations, especially from the heart and residential core roots of South Sudan SPLM political organization chairman, Dr. John Garang Mabior, had depended on, like livestock farming and agricultural works, where they were left in the hands of young people, elderly people and women populations. During this 1991-1993 Nuer ethnic groups insurgency which resulted in taking of livestocks and civilian populations escaped their lives for riparian river Nile basins for hiding and to acquire temporarily staying until the South Sudan SPLM political organizations and leadership take a procedure counter-insurgency fighting to avert the situations and curb them out of affected areas: Twic East County, Duk County, and Bor South County, Jonglei State—South Sudan to which SPLM political organization and leadership eventually did as recent as in 1993 Nuer ethnic groups insurgency total defeat and rooted them out of the area they had devastated and left vulnerable; affected population of these three Counties: Twic East County, Bor South County, and Duk County,  had survived from collecting: 1) Water lily known as ‘goor’ in Dinka Language, 2) Swampy root plant known as ‘athoon’ in Dinka language, 3) Papyrus root plant known as ‘thahr e apaath’ in Dinka language, 4) Tall weed plant known as ‘Nhom e Mon’ in Dinka language, 5) Wild rice known as ‘lahw’ in Dinka language, 6) Quazi-water lily known as ‘aguieu’ in Dinka language, 7) Swampy root plant known as ‘keich’ in Dinka language, 8) Seasonal trees such as ‘thou’, ‘lang e jieng and lang e turik’, ‘chueu’, ‘paach’, in Dinka language, 9) Sugar cane planted in the riparian river Nile , 10) Sorghum stalk known as ‘behn’ in Dinka language, 11) Cassava known as ‘bahm rot’ in Dinka language, 12) Yam known as ‘bahm behr’ in Dinka language, 13) Sweet potatoes, 14) Coco-nut known as ‘tuhr akoot’ in Dinka language, 15) Coco-nut trees also carved and used water boat for transporting people and as well for fishing, 16) Hardwood known as ‘Giir’ in Dinka language was carved and used as boat for transporting those groceries such as water lily, papyrus root, coco-nut, sweet potatoes, yam, sugar cane, ‘keiu’ etc. and were used as well to transport people on the water stream basins known the river Nile with its swampy spot from papyrus good for fishing, 17) Weeds known as ‘Anyueer’ in Dinka language, and 18) Mushrooms especially the cultivated mushroom not the wild mushroom found on the soft trees were consumed.

Lives during the South Sudan referendum from Old Sudan for secession since January 9^th, 2005 to January 9^th, 2011 after 1991 to 1993 Nuer ethnic group insurgency fighting was averted,  was ‘reconstruction life phase’, where everything that had been lost in those decades is being compensated. Affected population of Twic East County, Bor South County, and Duk County are working tirelessly to acquire livestocks as well as re-clearing their agricultural fields that had been lost after more than two decades of South Sudan fighting with Old Sudan. These affected populations to which livestock keeping and herding is their ‘traditions and ways of life’, tended to buy number of livestocks from ‘cattle vendors’ that traveled beyond Ayod County, despite the insecurity in the ways to acquire cattle with ‘monies’ they generated from the swift shop businesses and stores. There is a livestock market established in Panyagor town, Twic East County, as well as Duk County and Bor South County with legal supervision from the local government of those three Counties as well as from the World Food Programme (WFP) organizations that documented cattle vendoring receipts in conjunction to ‘procurement and logistics’ of the food security in the area. If you want to more details and for authentics of the story, you could pay a travel to the Twic East County, Jonglei State—South Sudan and requested a ‘cattle vendoring receipts’ since start of interim government of South Sudan before it becomes a sovereign nation from Old Sudan or access information from the World Food Programme(WFP) in the South Sudan, you would get a tons of information from the organization to which field workers collected and documented to determine ‘food security’ conditions in the areas, where the World Food Programme(WFP) organization can make a substantial and solid request for immediate food security assistance from the United Nations(UN).

Tribal Insurgents' Split Stories: 1991-1993 Nuer Ethnic groups' Defections from the Mainstream South Sudan(SPLM/SPLA) Political Organizations" By Mr. David D. Wuor, Blogspot Media, May 15th, 2019.

There were so many causes behind SSIM Political defections to which led to the split, and/or disenfranchisement from SPLM/SPLA Movements for freedom fighting against the Old Sudan. And one of those causes for defections within the SPLM party was one ‘Party domination’ in the South Sudan struggles excluding other Parties’ full Participation in leading people of South Sudan out of tribulations, and/or struggles for independence. This one ‘Party domination’ escalated into South Sudan’s Army struggles, where Nuer-ethnic groups disenfranchised, and/or fought against the Old Sudan. This ‘privilege’ of “being deprived of rights”, became the tangible issue of ‘1991 Political defection’ from the mainstream South Sudan SPLM Political party organization. They had arguments for ‘Multi-party system’, and Minority participation in the struggle. In 1990s, Nuer Ethnic groups had tons of back-up plans of disenfranchisement, and/or decisive formations of SSIM Political Party Movement.  As a result, engineer by Training Dr. Riek Machar-Teny pushed the so-called ‘hot button’ trigger, and ended up splitting from the SPLM political party in 1991 with his own Nuer ethnic group to which they have had led “insurgency fightings” against SPLM party. And to the whole movement as well, He sought series of rights’ impending issues to be implemented before independence from the Old Sudan. He later formed the rival political organization in Nasir town, beyond Ayod County in Jonglei State in South Sudan, known as the South Sudan Independence Movement(SSIM) Political Party. It was meant to disengage this SSIM Political factions against the mainstream South Sudan’s SPLM/SPLA political organizations. Sudan People Liberation Army(SPLA) was meant for Military wings as well as with its Humanitarian organization known as South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation(SSRRA). It formerly was known as SRRA Agency.  This was taken off from the whole English Abbreviation Acronym of SSRRA. Since it is already Humanitarian organization, the SSRRA Agency is also working in liaison fashion with the United Nations(UN) organization.

This 1991 Political defection can be stigmatized on the Tribal line’ tension. Since the South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) leader Dr. Riek Machar-Teny has had left with his own Nuer ethnic group from river-lake Nilotic speaking people, they had organized the three years between 1991, and 1993, the benign insurgency against the SPLM Party. There are a lot of rumors that he had a tie with Old Khartoum's scoundrel, and/or rogue regime in getting Weapon of Mass Destruction(WMD),  Ammunition, and/or other military artillery for his own insurgency Army ambitions. He later let out the Prisoners of War(POWs). And He also extracted them to his own Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency against the mainstream South Sudan SPLM. Of course, there were a lot of rivals to which later imprisoned in the Bush. Since they did not agree with how struggles was being waged , and/or carried out, they included SPLM High Ranking Commanders such as the late SPLM Commander, Mr. Arok Thon Arok from Kongor Payam district, of Twic East County in South Sudan, the late SPLM Commander, Mr. Joseph Ouduk from Equatorial region, the late SPLM Commander, Mr. William Nyuon Bany from Ayod County, Jonglei State in South Sudan, the late SPLM Commander, Mr. Kuach Kaang from Upper Nile State in South Sudan, and/or the late SPLM Commander Kerubino Kuanyin Bol from Warrap State in Bhar-el-ghazal region in South Sudan. And there were a lot of other Prisoners of War (POWs) to which were held hostages and/or detained for number of years in the Bush. They have had hoped that they will be questioned, and interrogated for spying. And they also let them free after the end of the South Sudan political struggles against the Old Sudan. With this 1991 Political defection organized, group of Prisoners(POWs) with their own Bodyguards broke wrecky Prisoning cells. And they left with the ‘1991 Nuer ethnic group insurgency’ to which they later organized a harsh insurgency fighting against the SPLM led Troops. They have had hoped that they will eventually dismantle them. And they ended up defeating the South Sudan SPLM Troops with its leaderships. Of course, they installed totally, and/or holistically new leadership to which will resume fighting against the Old Sudan.

As it showcased in Anya-nya I 1956-1972 Political Power’s struggle within the South Sudan to whom they would lead the people out of tribulations, and hardship. At best, it has had repeated itself in the second uprising struggles (1983-2005) against the Old Sudan amongst the freedom fighters. Everyone else, who sought Political power within the SPLM ‘Politi-buro’. They fell into ‘the Akuot Atem Mayen’ dilemma to which he was the Anya-Anya I veteran leader. And He has had tried very hard to become top leader in the 1983 Uprising. However, he did not get it. And He ended up in escaping for Nuer ethnic groups stronghold destinations, where he later perished without returning to the 1983-2005 struggles. This ‘slippery effect’ to which SPLM commander Akuot Atem Mayen from Nyuak Payam district, Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan. And He also the Anya-nya I veteran, who fell into, repeated itself again. Bunch of the late SPLM Commanders like Mr. Arok Thon Arok, Kerubino Kuanyin Bol, Joseph Ouduk, Kuach Kaang, and Mr. William Nyuon Bany faced hostaged.  And He was detained in the Prison cells in the Bush because of “Political power” of the SPLA Army struggle to which everyone else across the ‘Tribal line’ sought Representations in the SPLM party.  Although the engineer by Training Dr. Riek Machar-Teny was not held hostage, He was detained in his home arrest. If he had stayed longer in the SPLM Political Party, and then He would have had been detained in the SPLA Military Prison cells in the Bush. He avoided this dilemma in organizing the 1991-1993 Nuer ethnic groups insurgency against the mainstream SPLM Political Party. By stemming off from that “Political power” SPLA Army struggles to whom he was one of the Top Commanders within the SPLM political party, they become Partisan rival, forever. But there was not any other “choices” on the Table, much better than “grubhub”s  Delivery of Services to people of South Sudan.

Ascending in the SPLM leadership “grubhub” was ‘troublesome and hard’ to get since number of high Commanding leaders sought Promotions within SPLM ‘Politi-buro’. It got harder since Promotions to the Top Commanding needed people across every ‘Tribal line’ to serve in the “vested interests” of the late SPLM Chairman, Dr. John Garang Mabior. And He was also the leader of South Sudan SPLA Army struggles since its formation in 1983. Any Promotion was not either jumbled, or tossed, for probability of whoever gets heads, or tails become promoted to the SPLM/SPLA Movement Party. However, it was necessary that every ethnic groups got “Representations” in the leadership “grubhub” of SPLM political party.  And it was the only Political party established thus far. As we know, there were three Regional Provinces in the South Sudan during the struggles against the Old Sudan including other three Territories of Abyei, Nuba Mountain, and Blue Nile. And when leadership Promotion was done, every Regional Province, which comprised of Upper Nile region, Equatorial region, and Bhar el ghazal region. And of other three Territories of Abyei, Nuba Mountain, and Blue Nile had been needed for consideration in the selection of leaders. As a result, many late Top SPLA Army Commanders like Kerubino Kuanyin Bol, William Nyuon Bany, Arok Thon Arok, Joseph Ouduk, and Kuach Kaang got upset of what was going in their SPLM Movement. And they were obsessed because they did not get ‘Top tier percentile’ positions within SPLM leadership ‘grubhub” they needed according to my 2005-2008 Niagara University’s undergraduate Political Science student Ms. Rachel Tober. They later began to serve arrogantly in contrary to what the late SPLM Chairman, and the former president Dr. John Garang de Mabior of South Sudan during that time of struggles. Before they got independence from the Old Sudan, they were not Sudan’s Civil Wars, and/or War-Crime Mongers, yet. Almost all of those five top late SPLM Commanders: Kerubino Kuanyin Bol, William Nyuon Bany, Arok Thon Arok, Joseph Ouduk, and Kuach Kaang got hostaged in the Bush. And they were eventually detained in the prison cells until 1991-1993 when SSIM leader Dr. Riek Machar-Teny broke into prison cells in the Bush. He has had freed them by absorbing them into his political factions referred to as ‘the South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM)’ Independence Movement. And He subsequently posed, and/or waged a harsh “insurgency fightings” against the mainstream SPLM political organization. They thought that they will eventually defeat the whole system with their ‘Iron fists’, and/or of ‘Iron Curtain’ to which they had the notions that SPLM/SPLA Movements were corrupted. And it was believed to be dysfunctional, especially in the SPLM leadership “grubhub”, where it had sought renewing, and/or reformation for better leadership. The SSIM Independent Movement leader Dr. Riek Machar-Teny had late British-Born Citizen wife, Mrs. Emma McCunes, who masterminded, thought-processing, and/or envisioned the whole Nuer Ethnic groups’ defections from SPLM Movement Party.

‘Political Correctness’ played a big part in the 1991-1993 Political defections from the mainstream SPLM political organization. The SSIM leader Dr. Riek Machar-Teny did not think that SPLM Movement Party Abbreviation Acronym was misspelled. And it was better put together SPLM/SPLA Acronym. They were not conjoined “Quintet” twins. It was probably too broad,  and/or too verbatim in getting the “Action” message of SPLM/SPLA Army struggles out. And there was not any thing wrong to its formations. The South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) was necessary meant to correct it, and/or replace the SPLM Political organizations to which He saw was fighting for the people of whole Sudan. He thought, it was not specific enough to define ‘the scope, and endgames’ for SPLM/SPLA Army struggles, especially the 2005-2011 Independence, and/or Referendum’s “Minority Votes” Package of South Sudan from the Old Sudan. This ‘Political Correctness’ manifested itself today when South Sudan voted overwhelming in January 9^th, 2011 Referendum. They have had tirelessly fought for Independence, and of sovereignty for Nation-building of South Sudan. Whereas the late leader, and the former Chairman of SPLM Dr. John Garang Mabior thought that he was fighting for freedoms of South Sudanese people including, especially the ‘Marginalized of Marginalized people’ of Sudan. He famously phrased it so that the “Silent Majority” raised up, and/or revolted against the Old Sudan. The late SPLM leader Dr. John Garang Mabior did not think that he was too vague, too verbose and/or too broad in the frameworks of his SPLM/SPLA Army struggles as well as with the SPLM Abbreviation Acronym itself to which he thought he will someday capture the whole Sudan with his ‘iron fist’ including the people of National Democratic Alliance (NDA). They were primarily from the North Sudan. But they were politically excluded from Old Sudan governments. He sought for Tribo-Minorities’ disenfranchisement, and/or for their full “Political Participations.” And the SPLM Political organization had a tendency to enfranchise their 2011 Referendum votes, and/or draw them to his side. Getting specific will not help in uniting people of the Sudan, especially the riparian people of South Sudan as well as the marginalized and/or excluded people from the North Sudan. Although they did not involve physically in the South Sudan(SPLA) Army struggles, they were behind the scenery of South Sudan’s Arm struggles against the Old Sudan. And getting specific would probably disassociate them for being politically, and/or diplomatically correct. He sought their supports for the South Sudan’s SPLA Army struggles. And they would begin to align themselves with rival Old Sudan. You can also look at the today South Sudan’s National flag, especially the ‘golden star’ framed with the Triangular Blue; it was a ‘Red’ Star before. But subsequently, they got a political pressure from the United States governments in Washington, DC. to change from their Former KGB Soviet Union's’ ‘red’ star. And they eventually condonced and/or replaced it with the ‘golden star’ since the 1990s “Cold War” was ended. I do not know much about what went wrong. However, you can make your own research about the ‘golden star’ which is yet featured in the South Sudan’s National flag. And there are other tons of ‘Political correctness’ amongst political opponents in diaspora, and within the South Sudan.

As 1972 Sudan’s deputy Prime Minister, Mr. Abel Alier Kwai emphasized it, or wrote in the Book that was entitled ‘Too many Agreements, dishonored’ , He likely meant that Old Sudan does not keep their words. And of course, he was literally reiterating the so ‘many accords’ signed by Old Khartoum’s rogue Regime in Sudan, but he was not specifically referring to what went wrong within the SPLM political organization between the years 1991, and 1993. However, he had made a point since many South Sudanese politicians were so bombarded by situations. And one of them, is ‘1991 Nuer ethnic group defection’ from the struggles against the Old Sudan to which the SSIM Independent Movement Rebel Leader, who is an Engineer by Training Dr. Riek Machar-Teny, was dissuaded with “premises.” And there are a lot of  “frameworks” surrounding the SPLM Political organization’s platforms. He was dissuaded, and/or sparked out in defections in 1991-1993 to which he subsequently formed his Political factions. And He met what he envisioned rather than Compromising with SPLM political organizations. It could literally be stigmatized as a disagreement among South Sudanese freedom fighters. Since one of them, especially the late SPLM Chairman, and late leader Dr. John Garang Mabior was fighting for ‘Freedom, Equality, and for Unity’ of the Country, they can’t be justified for what exactly monolithic “endgames”, they have had fought for. And on one hand, the SSIM political factions’ leader of defected Nuer ethnic groups, Dr. Riek Machar-Teny ‘sought an independent for South Sudan’. And He antithetically proposed that it is good to leave out the Old Sudan to itself. Although both the late SPLM rival crews, and/or the current South Sudan SPLM leaders had never agreed on the substances. Of course, they did not agree on the facts, which were laid out in 2005 CPA Agreement mandate for six(6) years Term of 2011 Referendum votes for either “Unity”, or “Secession” from Old Sudan.

This stressful disagreements amongst the SPLM, and/or the SSIM leaders out bursted into magnum rapture, which led into their ‘pessimisticism.’  Both Rebel leaders of the SSIM Independence Movement had sought an independent for South Sudan’ instead of resolving the economies differences between the two Countries: South Sudan, and Old Sudan. The Rival factions’ leader of the SSIM Political party to the SPLM political organization did not believe that there will be a foreseeable ‘Unity’ of South Sudan, and of Old Sudan. Dr. Riek Machar-Teny, the leader of SSIM political factions was so ‘pessimistic’ about uniting the whole Country in the single Banners’ framework of Government of National Unity (GONU). And He likely preferred to keeps both Countries of South Sudan, and Old Sudan as separated sovereign Entities to one another in the 2005 CPA six Protocols, which consists of “Wealth sharings”, Autonomous sovereign Nations, Abyei territory with its defined “Border demarcations”,“Power sharing” dividends under six(6)years Term for 2011 general referendum, Abyei separated referendum for secession, Nuba Mountains territory, and/or Blue Nile territory with its referenda. He did not think that “Premise” must be achieved it. And He thought nobody will implement those 2005-2011 CPA Protocol mandate. It is too costly. And it is  too broad due to undetermined behaviors of Old Sudan to which Abel Alier Kwai reiterated and emphasized that Old Sudan had signed so many ‘Accords.’ However, they had dishonored numerous Agreements beforehand without implementations. For instance, 1972 Addis-abbas Agreement in Ethiopia, this was “round-tabled” with Old Sudan to end the problems of both South Sudan, and Old Sudan’s Sovereign Entities. But, they deliberately signed it, subsequently it was short-termly ‘dishonored’ them. They have had refused to implement portions to which they discussed, and agreed on protocols for “co-existence, and for self-governing.”

It was a ‘Political defection’ to which the 1990s Nuer ethnic groups alongside with ‘bunch’ of political Prisoners of Wars (POWs), especially the Top people from SPLA High Commands. The SPLM political organization has had splited from the SPLM party. And they sought to entourage the rival factions’ Party of the SSIM Independence Movement. And of course, this defection had done a totally mess to the SPLM/SPLA Army struggles. And they have had done a lot of wrongdoings to residences of South Sudan. ‘Damages’ included Properties like Blankets, Cooking wares, Sleeping beds, clothings, wearing Shoes, Canoes and rowing Boats, Fishing nets, Mosquitos nets, Swift shops, and/or small Restaurants. And number of vehicles were also ‘vandalized”, and/or smashed down for good between 1990 and 1993. Of course, the 1991 SSIM Independence Movement has had destroyed Motorcycles, Bicycles, Clinics and/or dispensaries, Animal clinics referred to as the Veterinary Clinics, standing Mortars, which were used to ‘reduce grains into powder and flour with pestle’. And this is in addition referred to in Dinka language as ‘Doong’ e Hol.’ And they have had also defaced the Livestock Barns known as ‘Luak” in Dinka language, sleeping Tukul Huts, brick built Houses, physical infrastructure, and/or the roads, Compounds, wiring, and wooden fences, field of Sorghums and of Corns. “Pestle of injustice” were also disfigured in the meantime in South Sudan. This “disfacement” were done to some people, who were residing adjacent to the basin of river Nile, Hydro-power for electricity in some Areas of the Bor South County,  Twic East County, and Duk County, Jonglei State in South Sudan. In the Upper Nile region, wooden Tables, lamps for dome lights in the regular Tukul houses especially in some zombied Towns in those three Counties of Twic East County, Duk County, and Bor South County, were unlikely left vandalized, whatsoever. There were a lot of  destruction done to our village of Kiir Malei in Twic East County in South Sudan. And this “havoc mutilations” might have had consisted of sitting Chairs, Stools, Cupboards, constructed Schools’ buildings, and of running Water generators.

List of “damaged investments” might also go on like water Tanks, water Containers, water Pumps, Boreholes, and/or wells, And the livestocks, too including herds of sheeps, flock of goats, flock of chickens, hand-full of Ducks, and of tamed Pigeons, they unlikely might had been raided by the 1990 Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgents to which they have had contributed in “looting, and plundering of their belongings.” After residential people of Twic East County, Duk County, and Bor South County in South Sudan had escaped, and/or fled their lives for riparian river Nile basins, we were unlikely supposed to stay for short-term hiding until problems was resolved in 1993 in Pawuoi Cattle Camp of Mr. Achiek Reech in Bor South County in South Sudan as some of our 1987-1989 the “Lost Boys of Sudan” Mr. Philip Guet Mach, Mr. Samuel Ajak Kuol, Mr. Bior Kuch, Mr. John Akim Manyang, Mr. Paul Joh Achop, Mr. John Anei Nhial, and/or Mr. Solomon Panther Anyuon would reiterated it. Everything was confirmed missing, or collaterally destroyed in 1990s. In addition, the SPLM political organization has had decided to fight Counter-insurgency against the 1990s Nuer ethnic groups, where groups of political Prisoners of Wars(POW) might had penetrated into the SSIM Independence Movements. And of course, they might have had mitigated the problems caused by the 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups from Upper Nile regions in South Sudan ranging from vast geographical areas of Town of Bentiu thru Town of Gambella in Ethiopia’s Border with Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, and South Sudan. And this 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups’ destructions unlikely kept Dinka Ethnic groups away from returning back to those affected Counties of Twic East County, Bor South County, and Duk County in South Sudan in the aftermaths.

Before 1991-1993 Nuer ethnic groups’ defections from the mainstream SPLM political organization was averted, tons of Dinka Ethnic groups’ Speaking people’s lives were lost within Twic East County, Duk County, and Bor South County in Jonglei State in the Republics of South Sudan. Anyone that perished either by Starvations, Hunger strike, pandemic diseases, and/or gunshot wounds, residents without sturdy Clinics, dispensary Tents, Nurses , and/or medical Doctors, were unlikely to care for them. They were “head-counted” toward the hands of 1990s Nuer ethnic group insurgency in the South Sudan as killed or missing. Without this 1990s the Nuer Ethnic Groups’ insurgencies, they would have had been “head-counted” toward Old Sudan’s “Janjaweed” Militias of Darfur regions in Old Sudan,  and to hands of ‘Mujahideens’ Splintering groups in Old Sudan. And there were a lot of  mercenary Armies with KGB Soviet Union's ‘iron fist’, whose 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups’ atrocities might have had devastated their lives. There are a lot of renowned people, who had perished during this 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency. And my late great grandparents, Mr. Bior Aguer Bior-kweigak, who was nicknamed ‘Anyarpiei’ was also “battering killed” by the Nuer ethnic groups insurgency in Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan. He was popular person within the Twic East County in South Sudan and beyond. Even late Dr. John Garang de Mabior, whose late Biological parents, Ms. Gak Malual Kuol, and Mr. Mabior Atem Aruei are from Kongor Payam district in Twic East County in South Sudan, has had paid a “Ceremonial Tribute” visitations. And it was because of his famous conducive phrase, which referred to as ‘Muok e Thiin’ in Dinka Ethnic groups’ language. This “Muok e Thiin” words literally meant that Dinka Ethnic groups’ Speaking People should “stays in the foot” without withdrawing back from what they have had set forth to accomplish in the 1983-2005 SPLM/SPLA Movements’ History Narrative. This “Stay in the foot” phrase is commonly used by the late SPLM leaders. And it is much similar to other wisdom of “Fortune Cookies” telling by Western World thinkers’ phrase like ‘speaks softly, but carries a big stick’ , and etc. This “Speaks softly, but you carries a big stick..” quotations was coined by the 1946-1990s ‘Cold War’ eras, the former US president Teddy Roosevelt. This phrase is not similar to “Stays in the foots..” quotations. However, they meant something different depending on how people used them in the sentences, and/or in writing context. Other person, who was killed by Nuer Ethnic groups’ Speaking people, especially in the different “Tribal clashes”, was late and/or former Kongor Payam district Chief, Mr. Duot Bior-”kweigak” Ajang Aguer from Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan. Number of cattles were looted, and/or rustled by the 1970s Nuer ethnic groups’ Cattle rustling “warfares” to which most of Kongor Payam district’ livestocks including ‘Ayeen e ke late Paramount Chief Mr. Duot Bior Ajang Aguer’. This literally meant “Best cows” amongst his “cattle breeds.” They unlikely were taken away without returned during that the 1970s Nuer Ethnic groups, and/or the Dinka Ethnic groups’ “deadly clashes” with Nuer ethnic groups’ cattle rustlers. Basically, he must not have had been happy about that frequent 1970s “rustling attempts” of those ‘best cows’ amongst his “herd of cattle.” These rustled cattle must have had been the top “Best Cows”  in comparison with rest of their Kongor Payam districts’ livestock if they were alive with my late great grandparents, Mr. Jok Ajur Kibai Ater, and/or Mrs. Nyanchirin Bior Ajang Aguer from Dinka-Hol Ethnic groups, Duk County in South Sudan. Losing a figure person from Kongor Payam Districts is something ‘ironics’ and mythological to the hand of an enemy. After losing figure person from Kongor Payam districts, that “Tribal” tensions still likely ended the Tribal warfares, completely. And it became the ‘mythological’ saying to the Dinka Ethnic groups’ Speaking people of Kongor Payam district in South Sudan. Going down the Narrative History of 1960s South Sudan’s Civil Wars with Old Sudan, the late Paramount Chief, Mr. Ajang Duot Bior-’kweigak’ of Kongor Payam districts from Twic East County in South Sudan, He was assassinated by the Old Sudan governments with rest of other Dinka Ethnic groups’ Speaking people’s late Chiefs including Dinka-Nyarweng Ethnic groups’ Paramount Chief, Mr. Jongak Deng Malual Aleer, and/or Dinka-Hol Ethnic groups’ Paramount Chief, Mr. Monykuer Mabuur. Of course, Dinka-Hol Ethnic groups’ late Paramount Chief, Mr. Monykuer Mabuur might have had escaped the 1960s assassination from Duk County, whereas, the Ajuong Payam districts’ late Paramount Chief, Mr. Bul Koch from Twic East County in South Sudan might have had been thrown into the “Baal of Fire” until he passed away. Of course, Ajuong Payam districts’ late Paramount Chief, Mr. Bul Koch from Twic East County in South Sudan, eventually agreed to stand on the “woodened Fire” to death for “Freedom”, and/or for “pestle of injustice” of his own People from Old Sudan’s rogue Regime in Khartoum.

Of course, after mass killings, the SPLM Political organization, and late SPLM Chairman Dr. John Garang Mabior made his minds with ‘Politi-buro’ thinktank to end the 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency. Tons of the SPLA Army Troops were sent to fight the Counter-insurgency against the rampant 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency. In the Bor South County, Twic East County, and Duk County in South Sudan, this 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency fighters were full of political Prisoners of War(POW) whom they had been extracted into their SSIM Independence Movements. They were unlikely defeated by Dinka Ethnic groups’ SPLA Army Troops. And they probably were removed out of Panyagor Town in Twic East County in South Sudan. Since it was established as the “stronghold place” for its insurgency Operations back to Ayod County in Nasir Town in South Sudan, these were already the Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency Operations originated. Majority of the Nuer Ethnic groups’ “Freedom Fighters”, were pushed back to their village/Town of Nasir in Ayod County in South Sudan. Number of political Prisoners of War(POWs) including the former SPLM Commander, Mr. Joseph Ouduk, former SPLM Commander,Mr. William Nyuon Bany, and/or the former SPLM commander, Mr. Kuach Kaang, were eventually extracted to the 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency. Although rest of other political Prisoners of War(POWs) like the former SPLM Commander, Mr. Arok Thon Arok, and the former SPLM Commander Kerubino Kuanyin Bol later perished without seeing, and/or witnessing the South Sudan’s 2011 referendum votes. And they sturdly sought their Independence from the Old Sudan. It became a “mess, and heartbreaking”, the especially to their families. And they were already “enemies” to one another as well as to their accomplices---the SPLM political organizations. Since, they had fought, and/or struggled for South Sudanese people in the first place, they were finally extracted to the 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency. There is also a Borehole in village/Town of Panyagor, today dedicated to the late former SPLM Commander, Mr. Kuach Kaang from Upper Nile region in South Sudan. And it was a Borehole place, where he was shot to death. During the 1993 Counter-insurgency fightings, which lasted for minimum of more than Two days magnitude, numerous people from Bor South County, Twic East County, and/or Duk County in South Sudan, had fled the “pestle of injustice” made by 1990s Nuer Ethnic Groups’ benign insurgents since dawn. He was a great leader; He likely will be remembered for years to come in the Republics of South Sudan. Although, he was misled to enlist into the 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency, they are still the SPLM/SPLA Martyr. Of course, these 1990s “War Mongering Crimes” will be revered for their “defeat.” These SPLM/SPLA Army’ atrocities must have been resettled in their Military Tribunal Court in City of Juba in South Sudan. And some of the SPLA Army convicts might have had been put back to their own SPLA Commanding ranks after dismissal of their “injustice Barbarisms” between 1983, and 2005. Alienating people’s lives was not the platforms, and intentions for the SPLM political organization. However, to achieve freedoms, there might have had been other “Sovereign Nations”, to which were cemented by Bloodshed, frequently. After over Two decades of fighting against the Old Sudan, the internal Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency were priorities. There are a lot of Political rivals, who did not ‘buy’ SPLM “platforms, and/or endgames.” I would not mention them in this Memoir Anthology for their privacy of their sensitive Data. But, the 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups’ defectors are yet absorbed into the SPLM or some of them, must still have had joined the SPLA Army membership for other series of existing Political Parties like the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF), and/or the South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) in the South Sudan.

Counter-insurgency strategy included sowing of ‘clustered-bombs’ as the grand strategy for the endgame of 1990s Nuer ethnic insurgency in Twic East County, Duk County, and Bor South County in South Sudan. Especially, these ‘clustered bombs’, and landmines were sowed around, and in the surrounding Areas of the Panyagor town. With exception of Bor South County, and Duk County, they were put in place to deter 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency from coming with total backlash. None of pre-existing “Protections of Civilians”(POC) thought about how to fight both Tribal Warfares, the 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency, and the 1983-2005 South Sudan-Old Sudan’s Civil Wars. Of course, this 1983-2005 Civil Wars was fought simultaneously with the little “Man-power”, to which they had. But, they have had “courage” to stand up against Old Sudan’s rogue Regime in Khartoum in Sudan without draw back to their feet. And they also had sacrificed with determination for “Freedom, Justice, Unity, “success”, and ‘Hope.”  After installing this counter-insurgency strategy sowing ‘clustered bombs and landmines’, they immensely stood upto “saving lives”. They unlikely had other priorities, especially to those residences of Twic East County, Bor South County, and Duk County in South Sudan. Since this 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency fighters had Nightmare to wage the “Tribal Warfare” against neighboring people, they unlikely could have had been seen as the ‘Completely betrayal.’ And these were merely political Propaganda, which lied in the series of causes like the single “Party dominations” from the SPLM political organizations’ platforms.

As Counter-insurgency fighting was being waged in place, the phase for Neighborhood zoning for “Reconstructions” eras was known in Dinka language as ‘Behr abaai Piny.’ This literally might have had sprung up in winning the “Hearts, and/or Minds” of 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency fighters. Tukul houses, livestocks’ Barns, and/or swift Shops had been burned down, especially in my village of Kiir Malei, Twic East County in South Sudan. And number of Civilian returnees was so rampant back from their “hiding spots” like the riparian of river Nile basin, and swampy areas to their respective Areas for livings. With the help of United Nations(UN) organizations like World Food Programme(WFP), GOAL International, and/or International Rescue Committee (IRC), Neighborhood Zoning for “re-construction” Projects might have had happened in those Areas, which were affected by the 1990s Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency fighters from Upper Nile region in South Sudan. And this was meant to stump over the Twic East County, and Bor South County in South Sudan. With exception of Duk County in South Sudan, they might find vulnerable places. And these Areas could have had been targeted for the 1990s Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgency fighters, whose their uncalculated backlash attempts, and/or attacks was unpredictable, then. More, and more Tukul houses, the Cattle Barns, and the GOAL International Orphanage Program Centers might have had been put up for the very reasons. I do clearly remember this “Tribal Warfare” episode of 1991-1993 Nuer ethnic groups’ defection. And later they extended into the massive Neighborhood Zonings’ Reconstructions in the Area.  GOAL International Orphanage Centers in the village/Town of Panyagor in Twic East County in South Sudan’s Storekeeper, Mr. Mach Mel, late GOAL Manager, Mr. Garang Kuei Mel, GOAL Veterinary Physician, Mr. Ahmed Deng Wel, and my Biological father, Mr. Wuor Deng Jok, alongst with rest of tons of employees, were tirelessly working for the GOAL International Humanitarian organizations. They have had helped GOAL International Orphanage Centers’ children, whose families were killed, and perished due to starvations, hunger strikes, and/or pandemic diseases. Of course, GOAL International organization was found in 1977 from Ireland in New York City in New York, USA. And you can find more details about this 1977 Charity Organization by going to its homepage. This GOAL organization had tremendously helped in “reconstruction” by building humongous compounds for Orphaned children, where they can ‘jump-start’ their Basic Primary Education in South Sudan. And they used to provide them clothings, and feeding certifuge. They have had also provided them Basic necessities until these Orphaned Children grew up under the “dire” Care of this GOAL International Humanitarian organization. Number of these Orphaned Children, especially both young men, and women got marriage, where they found their second Chance’s home, and new families. The GOAL International Organization was still working, and/or operating until 1999 in Panyagor town from Twic East County in South Sudan when I  sought an Immigration Vetting Process for Asylum for UNHCR-Kakuma Refugees Camp through “en routes” to Loki in Kenya by “small Commercial jets.” And yet, the GOAL International organization still operating in South Sudan rather than basing only in Panyagor town, Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan as it was used to. Other Humanitarian organizations like World Food Programme (WFP), Lutheran World Federation (LWF), and International Rescue Committee (IRC) had gigantically boosted  the Neighborhood Zoning for “reconstruction” phase in Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan. After removal of 1991-1993 Nuer ethnic groups’ insurgencies, they peaceful co-existed today. Tons of Agricultural works were provided to them. And they distributed Shelters, and/or Supplies to the Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) returnees so that they could restart clearing their Sorghum fields, and Corn fields in South Sudan. Besides United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees(UNHCR) Food Security, and/or Medications were being catered to them. They also received those Food Security Supplies from World Food Programme (WFP), Lutheran World Federations (LWF), and International Rescue Committee (IRC) in concert with other Humanitarian Organizations. After three years interval of malnutritions, everyone gained weights with body building Food aide Supplies. They used to receive them from United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees(UNHCR) Food Security Supplies in Ration Distribution Centers within village/Town of Panyagor in Twic East County in South Sudan right after 1993. And until the time, I migrated for Kenya, especially in UNHCR-Kakuma Refugees Camp in Kenya, they were still being fed for UNHCR-Food Security Supplies. Even in the time of rainy seasons when Airport were not much safer for landing for United Nations(UN)Food Aide Supplies, they still come by the UN Humanitarian Planes. And they dropped them Food Security Supplies from above Skyline, where they quickly used to “move” their UN Humanitarian Plane in low latitude flying. It was an amazing works. And I still remember World Food Programme(WFP) field Representative, and/or Manager, Mr. John Pakahr screaming through the Portable Talkie Radio. And/or these short ranged Radio were literally known as ‘77’ in Nominal figure. It was the handheld 77 Takie Radio, where the WFP Field Manager used to direct them to the village/Town of Panyagor in Twic East County in South Sudan. They used to directed United Nations(UN)Food Security Supplies’ Airplanes known as ‘Boch’ in Dinka language during the very time for safety landing, and dropping off. After low latitude flying, they dropped off United Nations’ Food Aide Supplies for humanitarian consumptions, especially by the US Federal Government's Emergency, and/or Management Agency(FEMA) “disaster” affected residences. Number of World Food Programme (WFP)’s Logistic Carrier Employees (literally known in Dinka language as ‘Ataahn’) headed out for collection of recently dropped Food Aide Supplies from above the Skyline. Many people, who recently returned from the hiding places, especially from riparian river Nile basins, they supported their families in those affected Areas by United Nations(UN) Entry level jobs. As I said my Biological father, Mr. Wuor Deng Jok, and/or his 3rd Household wife, Mrs. Achol Anhon Dau, were  supporting us with the “Firewood Splitting Service” works,  he gave for the 1990s GOAL International Humanitarian Organization. He was also the World Food Programme(WFP)’s “Logistic Service Carrier.” And these were the same things applied to rest of people, who were working for other Humanitarian organizations such as World Food Programme(WFP), Lutheran World Federations(LWF), and International Rescue Committees(IRC) in South Sudan. They supported our families from that Physical works they gave apart from the United Nations(UN) Food Security’s Monthly Rations. They used to receive the World Food Programme(WFP)’s Food Security  in the monthly basis.

Just right after the Neighborhood Zoning for “reconstruction” phase in both Twic East County, and in Bor South Count in South Sudan, with exception of Duk County in South Sudan, they were terribly affected by 1991-1993 Nuer Ethnic groups’ defections. The Engineer by Training Dr. Riek Machar-Teny of SSIM Independence Movement Party, the Co-leaders of the SSDF rival factions, and the South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) Party deputy Whips agreed to see a sign 2002 “Peace” pact known as Nairobi Agreement with late SPLM Chairman Dr. John Garang Mabior in Nairobi, Kenya. When the Republics of South Sudan, and Old Sudan were about to sign the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005 in Naivasha, Kenya, the 2005 CPA Agreement was coordinated by the International Communities, and/or Inter-governmental Agency for Development(IGAD) in East Africa Countries. This 1991-1993 Nuer Ethnic groups’ “Peace” pact, or  Agreement is today referred to as 2002 “Nairobi” Agreement to which the mainstream South Sudan(SPLM)Liberation organization's’ late leader Dr. John Garang Mabior, and/or 1991-1993 Nuer ethnic groups’ defections leader Dr. Riek Machar-Teny got to the final Parties’ unifications Agreement for “Co-existence”, and’or “voter enfranchisement” for Minority Ethnic groups in South Sudan. And they were united for the sake of South Sudanese freedom, and Sovereignty. You could see the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) documentations stipulated in the six(6) Protocol Mandate for Agreements for the full six(6) years Term interval for referendum in January 9^th, 2011. This 2002 “Nairobi” Agreement in Kenya was meant to calm down 1991-1993 Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgency fighting with Majority Dinka Ethnic groups in South Sudan. And they later transformed its original SSIM political factions into the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF). This is so monumental, and important to the 2011 referendum as well as to the 2005 CPA Peace dividend signed in January 9^th, 2005. Of course, the former SSIM rival Dr. Riek Machar-Teny to the SPLM Political organization has had become the 1st vice-president for South Sudan governments to 2010 President Salva Kiir Mayardit. Although, he had made so much graphic Bloodshed through used of  ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ killings, especially in the Bor South County, Twic East County, and/or Duk County in South Sudan during 1991 to 1993 for political reasons, He is still the 1st vice President for President Salva Kiir Mayardit until they are out of office.

Sudan’s Civil Wars: 1956-1972 Addis-Abbas Agreement in Ethiopia, and/or 1983-2005 CPA Agreement in Naivasha in Kenya by Mr. David D. Wuor, Blogspot Media. May 10th, 2019.

Just right after 1890-1953 British Colonial Powers, they let the so-called Old Sudan regime go for independence in 1956, for self governance, and/or self-determinations. Sudan started to monopolize Powers independently from overseas Boma-like stockade Administrations. Without legitimate working governmental structures put in place in the areas of South Sudan residences. Sudan, as the whole was becoming “safe haven” for “Mahdi-gahdeen” Terroist groups, and/or splintering groups. And South Sudan regional people probably were not explicitly entitled to anything t then. And they were also not part of Colonial independent, Power monopoly, Proper wealth sharing, Border demarcations, Religious freedoms, and/or river Nile authority Arrangements. Of course, 2005-2011 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) mandate was still not brokered by Intergovernmental Development Authority (IGAD).

Few angry and dissatisfied folks from South Sudan’s Regional Entities: Upper Nile region, Equatorial region, and/or Bhar-el-ghazal regions organized themselves for open military Training leadership in the Torit town in the Equatorial region. For potential uprising campaigns against the Old Sudan, they recently brokered independence from the British Colonial powers with series of twin causations. There was not any proper Power monopoly in the Old Sudan government, and/or implicit wealth and resource-sharing mandate. And lack of religious freedoms was pivotal regardless of heritages whether from the Middle East Arabian (ics) descents, and/or from the ‘pariah’ of African heritage descents. The Old Sudan as they brokered independence from British Colonial powers, they were arrogantly possessed, and/or obsessed with the sensation of ‘Sudanism’ regardless of, where your heritages stemmed, and entailed. But Old Sudan had political and social intentions to foster campaigns against the so-called ‘marginalized of marginalized’, later they stipulated people of “pariah of Sudan” down in the utopian and/or political ideology of ‘New Sudan’ visions. They began to advance ‘democratic changes’ from bottom-up of ‘Piece Meal’ Approach by ‘taking Village/Towns, Social infrastructure, and/or political services to people in the neglected localities in the Old Sudan’s Political playing books. Instead of, they took those ‘marginalized people’ “grubhub” services Delivery to people, village, Towns without teaching given ethnic groups, and/or indigenous folks on how to fish for themselves. They started to upgrade their old Survival modes, and Social mobility strategies from “hunting, and/or gatherers Society. There were not any clear-cutting edges ‘forward’ thinking to fix their political and social tangible issues such as encouraging local economies to compete in the global markets. And they encouraged other physical structures, and/or issues in upgrading their farming lands. With hidden visions in place, they started to drain out river Nile through building of ‘Jonglei Canal’ across the heart lands of Upper Nile legalized regions. And of course, their “end-goals” were meant to leave them without proper drinking water and with possibility herd to residential livestock pasture. Everything was ‘pertubiously dry-up’ in the long-term.

Transferring of river Nile water monitoring Authority to Egyptian brokering Authorities in the concert, and they started to cluster their move with Old Khartoum in Sudan. River Nile Water monitoring was a major issue that factorized into ‘in, and/or out’ Anya-Anya I troops attack campaigns against the Old Sudan. They solely monopolized power entity, and resources freeze to the expenses of the North Sudan of ‘Mahdhist’ Arabic descent people. And they disregarded local ethnic groups’ Participations in wealth sharing dividends in the three regionally Areas: Upper Nile region, Equatorial regions, and Bhar-el ghazal regions.

These potential South Sudan ‘Anya-Anya I’ led military, and political campaigns against the old Sudan independence was brokered between Sudan itself, and the British Colonial oversees boma-like Powers without recognitions of South Sudan in the Colonial independent package dividends. Sudan’s Civil War continued from 1956, the one side ‘memorial’ independent period until the South Sudan’s political organizations famously referred to as ‘Anya-Nya I’. They started to advance their Political and/or Social change agendas. South Sudan in the Conceptual frameworks was not a legally recognized Country. However, they silently decided on their own to form their governing leaderships in the Torit town in the sky-overhang, and/or of mountainous Main-lands of Equatorial regions. And they selected their “Anya-nya I” Political uprising known in local Arabic language as ‘intifidas’ leader by Joseph Lagu from Equatorial region to lead through out the forseeable struggles and/or tribulations. This 1956-1972 Anya-Anya I‘s “Intifidas” later occurred by encountered with Sudan’s Military Armed Forces (SAF). They subsequently left aside a lawyer by Training from Anya-Anya I leadership, Abel Alier Kwai from the Upper Nile region present-day Jonglei State in Bor South County in South Sudan.

Anya-Anya I, the potential Political, and/or Social organizations stayed in the Bush. And they always, or frequently were on the verge of run through out those years from the Old Sudan in Khartoum’s rogue Regime. After independent’s dividends under the sole leaderships of Joseph Lagu, and the contesting lawyer by Training figure in the North Sudan, they “decisively liberated” South Sudan  from within by staging”Protests”, Political, and/or Social dissatisfactions as 2000-2008 US President George W. Bush had paraphrased it. A lawyer by Training, Abel Alier Kwai stayed foot in the Khartoum in the North Sudan until when the 1972 Addis-abba Agreement was due to be brokered in Ethiopia’s Head Quarter of Addis-Abbas in Africa.

Both sides of contesting Political Entities were internationally, and/or regionally summoned to sign Peace Agreement dividends. There was a lot of contesting Political, and Social issues ocurred right after Old Sudan brokered independence’s package mandate with British Colonial powers. Without proper Power monopoly, Resource-sharings, and Border demarcations laid out clearly in the independences from British Colonial entity. Joseph Lagu, the Nya-Nya I Movement’s Rebel leader, He led Political, and Social changes’s Movements. He convincingly sat down with Old Sudan leaderships in Addis-abba in Ethiopia with cutting-edge supervisions from regional organizations, the African Union (AU), and International Communities. Power sharing brokers were intensively agreed for “unified” Sudan government. They decided to bring ‘the so-called ‘lasting’ Peace dividends in the most devastated wealth-rich country to the ‘pariah’ people of South Sudan.

 After signing of the 1972 Addis-abbas’s  Protocols Agreement over potential stipulated Agendas in the ‘Political playbook manuscripts’, the Anya-Anya I political organizations, especially the previous Campaign Entity, and/or the Old Sudan combined stoppe.  And they came up with Plans to select South Sudanese‘s leadership figures to be incorporated into the unified Sudan governments, where they will participate fully in the rogue government of Khartoum. And the former Anya-nya I’s Rebel Movement leader, Joseph Lagu over those lasting years 1956-1972, He did not become the deputy Prime Minister in the unified Power-sharing governments. They decided to run, and/or formed Transitional governments, where they will manage Old Sudan.  After all those years of “Tribulations, Pretrials, and/or hardships” incurred since 1956, they finally got their independence from British oversees Boma-like Administrations until the 1972 Addis-Abbas agreement. A lawyer by Training, Abel Alier Kwai became a deputy Prime Minister in the Unified Sudan government. And He started his “unified Sudan governments” as the Prime Minister of three regional Areas of Upper Nile regions, Equatorial regions, and Bhar-el ghazal regions. These three Regional Areas: Upper Nile regions, Equatorial regions, and Bhar- el ghazal regions became known, and/or referred to as the vast Country of South Sudan today.

South Sudanese’s Political and Social leaders were not totally satisfied with the “new” unified Khartoum governments. And this was fostered by low dissatisfactions stipulated in the 1972 Anya-Anya I Agreement over improper Representations, and imbalance of Power Monopoly from the Old North Sudan. This outrageous Political Behaviors over improper Wealth-sharings, river Nile authority arrangements, and/or Jonglei canal drillings across the heart land of Upper Nile regions became “platforms” to accomplish them. They started to drain out water from Nile river for foreseeable dry up, and boundary demarcations between regionally recognized South Sudan famously referred to as ‘Junub’ in local Arabic language jargons. These “unified” Khartoum governmental entities were forged without potential six-year terms Protocols for general referendum elections for secession. They also agreed for “regime change”, and to install new leaderships. Regional South Sudan’s governments led by Abel Alier Kwai,  and the North Sudan were ‘heads, and necks’. This pinching of one another to the corner was done without Implementation accomplishments to attain ‘proper, and sound’ implementations. There were a lot of certain Protocols signed in 1972 Addis Abbas Agreement. However, both contesting sides of administering entities were probably planning the long-term attack tactics, which entailed in the previous Campaigns for either unified, and/or independent two Countries of South Sudan, and North Sudan. They were expecting to achieve full implementations stipulated in the 1972 Addis- Abbas Agreements.

This fighting within the unified government led to disengagement from the Old Sudan. And this is now referred to as 1983 Civil War according to the South Sudanese’s History Narrative. It was a war fueled and triggered by disengagement from Old Sudan over some impending issues stipulated in 1972 Addis-Abbas Agreements for latest 2005 CPA Agreement, which comprised, or consisted of “Power monopoly, improper wealth sharing, Border demarcations, river Nile authority arrangement, Abyei Territory ownership, Blue Nile Authority, and/or Nuba Mountain Areas” Administrations.

After a robust diagnostics, and critiques, the Anya-Anya I’s political organizations was dismantled, and/or replaced with South Sudanese liberation Party (SPLM). However, the Anya-Anya I Movement’s Political Agendas stipulated in the 1972 Addis-Abbas Agreement, were passed on to the new feisty Political organizations. After extensive meetings, and compromises among South Sudanese’s leadership Councils, they started to form the Transitional governments from within the Old Sudan and in the regional South Sudan. Joseph Lagu felt relieved from the onslaught Treatments to which he was exiled, and/or demoted from the “unified” Old Sudan Administrations and regional South Sudan

highest position in the face of earth. Everything was brokered and issued to the lawyer by Training Abel Alier Kwai. It was first disappointing to the Anya-Anya I Movement, and/or Rebel leader, Joseph Lagu until his Agendas, and/or platforms were consolidated them. And by then everything was taken into accounts by the “new” leadership of 1983 Civil war organizers.

Easier said than done, 1983 Civil war took two decades in the Bush fighting against the Old Sudan to which 1956 Anya-Anya I Political organizations had tried for years. Until Quasi-Compromises in the 1972 Addis-abbas Agreements for unified government was accomplished. Hurdles like ‘Man Power’, and logistics were deteriorating in the frontline, and at home. More people were dying and it was hard to scrutinize them. And they generated more people to join the SPLM rebellious political organization to continue disengagement fighting against the Old Sudan.

Getting messages to the grass-root of silent majority people at South Sudan regional homes was tough. There were problems of odd impediments since tens of thousands of people, who were enlisted in the South Sudan Liberation organizations (SPLM), they were not “single-mind” oriented. They did not come back to their respective regions, and/or localities. So SPLM’s Political organization crippled for those years in the Bush without quick accomplishments for liberations as it was first envisioned and said to achieve “New Sudan visions” with Arm struggles.

Famine, pandemics diseases, and starvation strike kicked-in at home front and in the frontline since there were not any enough “resources” to support liberation Armies and/or leadership. This was also the ‘Cold War’ period, where “Arms and Ammunitions” were easier trapped in the hands of Freedom fighters, and/or to SPLA/SPLM Liberation’s regimes changes by freedom fighters. And this must have had been what have happened in the South Sudan, where they generated their fighting Ammunitions. They started to continue fighting with little resources to afford buying. South Sudan liberations organization eventually experienced ‘Cold War’ Containment in 1990s in Ethiopia when leader anticipated coup de’tat from the Eriteria. Of course, Ethiopian government before it has experienced and encountered disbandment from its ‘Sphere of power influence in the region. Eriteria, was very helpful and supportive to ongoing disengagement of South Sudan’s SPLA/SPLM  Liberation political organizations against the Old Sudan to which Ethiopia hosted and brokered in the 1972 Addis-Abbas agreement. This was a beginning of ‘Regime Change’ in the Ethiopia since its ‘sphere of influence’ in region. Eriteria, broke away from its Administrations and benignant hegemony. And they were so weakened by South Sudan’s(SPLM) Liberation political organizations. South Sudanese(SPLM)liberation leadership later conferred after long escapes from involvement in the Ethiopian domestics calamities, which resulted in the “Regime change”, and “new” Administrations. This was not friendly and foreign to the South Sudanese(SPLM)liberation political organizations.

Tens of thousands of South Sudanese, who fled fighting in the country, left Ethiopia in disarray to find “Refugees Resettlement” in the bordering East Africa Countries like Kenya. They trekked for tens of thousand miles with their bare-foot(s) after long bloody fighting and calamity in Ethiopia. There were poor Shelters, and Food Security in the way to Kenya and to Equatorial region in South Sudan. Tons of South Sudanese people unlike Ethiopian people have had perished, and/or decomposed in the way. This was because they did not have something to eat, Sheltering place to sleep, and clean “water” to drink. And hence, they dehydrated and literally collapsed in the way without US Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA) organizations to collect, and take them for Loki town in Kenya. They have had  stationed Non-for-profit organizations like the United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees(UNHCR)-the Refugees Agency, the World Food Programs (WFP), the Lutheran World Food Federations (LWF), the CARE International, and the American Red Cross for Emergency medical dispensing organizations.

As civilians of South Sudanese people arrived in Loki town, Kenya, they waited for short-term, or  long-term Refugees resettlements like United Nations led organizations. And they embraced them with “life-saving” food security, shelters, and/or  medical treatments. UNHCR, the Refugees Agency later scheduled them for displacement. They started to uplift them by Train-like convoy vehicles for UNHCR -Kakuma Refugee Camps in the Turkana district area. People by and at large began to experience “warm-welcomed” by the United Nations led organizations. They gave them the so-called ‘second’ Chance’s lives in their Protection of Civilians(POC) sites, but literally hope was “sowed, and disseminated” in their hearts and/or  minds of these Civilians, who ran away from rogue Regime in Old Sudan in Africa. After long “tribulations, and/or calamities” within their Country, they began to relocate in the regional Country like Uganda, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya.

South Sudanese’s liberation leadership, and its SPLM political organization, on the other hand, felt so relieved since its civilians had gotten their “Protections”, and/or “warm-welcomed” in the regional Country in Kenya by the United Nations led non-for-profit International organizations. They became energized and highly supported since its civilians found ‘bravery hope’ inseminated and sowed in its people’s lives. After long trek from their home country to-be and as well as from regional Country in Ethiopia, South Sudanese(SPLM/SPLA)liberations in meantime resumed its military operations and disengagement in the South Sudanese Areas. They started to curb back Old Sudan  Army Forces(SAF) from taking hold in the key village/towns, and Cities in the South Sudan.

South Sudanese(SPLM/SPLA) Liberation organizations, and its Political Bureau leadership decided to discuss some of foreseeable problems. And of course, 1991 Nuer defections started to withdraw from the mainstream SPLM Party. After days of contemplations within, the South Sudanese(SPLM/SPLA) liberations factions, and leaderships held a cutting edge conference in 1994 Chukum Town in Equatorial region to resettle issues and political spat that splitted them apart with the so-called ‘Nasir defection’ also known as “1991 massacre.” Since they possessed the sophisticated Manpower, Courages with “mono-ethnic” ambitions for expansion that they began what would have had been a great surge for disengagement against the Khartoum regime. Out of the 1994 Chukum meeting, a lot of issues that had weakened and mitigated South Sudanese(SPLM/SPLA) liberations Army struggles. They thoroughly discussed an  agendas to resolve Military Operations. And while they first stopped the ‘Nasir defection’, they realized that Nasir defections had basis and stronghold in Panyagor town in Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan.There was also the rumor that Khartoum affiliates will unlikely back them up. And since there was not any strong, and/or viable evidences for connections, they started to ignore a rumor that “Nasir defections” had a Terrorist web-connections with Khartoum affiliates.

In 1993, portion of South Sudanese(SPLA) liberation Troops were heavily equipped, and sent to Panyagor town, in Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan. They were sent for intention to fight against the Nuer Ethnic groups’ “Nasir insurgency” in the area while the rest of SPLA Troops remained in the Equatorial regions, and other parts of South Sudan. They had to continue fighting with Khartoum led Mercenary militias, and its main Armies. Right in the dawn in January 1993, South Sudanese(SPLA) liberations Troops arrived, and ignited “Counter-insurgency” fight against Nasir Insurgency in Panyagor town, Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan. It was a heavy fighting, and was fought for two days interval to curb them out of the Areas. As Nasir insurgency was defeated, they were chased upto their horizons of homestead Areas like Ayod County and beyond. The mainstream South Sudanese(SPLA) liberation troops sent a successful telegraphic messages back to the SPLM leaderships. And this telegraphic message contained “rhetoric decisions” to defeat Counter-insurgency fighting against Nasir sectarian fighters. They said that they ways to get rid of them, was to make Panyagor town a headquarter for South Sudanese(SPLA) troops. And they started to also sow ‘cluster bombs’ landmines surrounding Panyagor town in Twic East County in South Sudan. SPLA Army were there to circumvent fighting against the Nasir insurgent-back attacks. SPLA combatant plans was implemented it. And ‘cluster bomb’ were sowed in the lands to strike them as they put their feet again in the Twic East County’s soils in South Sudan. Unless, Nuer Ethnic groups’ Nasir defectors come for other compromises like Peace dividends, and solidarity messages for re-unifications as ‘one’ solitaire ‘marginalized of marginalized people.’ And they were located in the pariah of South Sudan from the known Khartoum regime, and its Administrations.

Of course, Nuer-Nasir insurgency eventually raised two attacks against South Sudanese(SPLA) liberation Troops based in Panyagor town, Twic East County in South Sudan. These insurgent attacks were known as ‘one- eyed man led’ insurgency in 1994, meaning ‘Nuer e Nyin-tok’ in Dinka language. and the other Nuer Ethnic groups’ attempt was ‘landmined-fought’ Attack. They were defeated again consecutively with those two “insurgency attacks” they raised against South Sudanese(SPLA) Troops in Panyagor town in Twic East County in South Sudan. Other two Counties of Bor South County was partially occupied by Khartoum led Armies in the Bor Town in South Sudan. And Duk County, on one hand, was left alone without Protections of Civilians(POC) in the Area. But, this Protections of Civilians(POC) zoning, was meant to leave it open for future “residential habitations.” There was the SPLA combatant plans to surge, and to wage the “Counter-insurgency fighting” in areas to which was occupied by Nuer Ethnic groups’ insurgents, especially in Twic East County in South Sudan.

South Sudan Reliefs and Rehabilitation(SSRR) organizations was briefed so that they can talk with the United Nations charter organizations like World Food Programme(WFP) to supply them food Security, and shelters to the civilians, who returned from Nasir-Insurgency and from their hiding Areas along the river Nile basins swamps known as ‘Tioc’ in Dinka languages. Civilians later arrived to Twic East County from river Nile basins after years of hiding since Nuer-Nasir led insurgency occupation and massacre in 1991-1993, two years-fold intensive occupations. Other civilians were resettling in the Twic East County with exception of Duk County in South Sudan. They consolidated ‘insecurity, and Protections’ reports to the South Sudan(SSRRA) leaderships as well as to the United Nations-World Food Programme (WFPs) field representative John Pakaahr. That is pretty-much spelling of his “full names” as I recalled. And you can do a field research by going to Twic East County in South Sudan to find out from the ground or look him up in the United Nations employee records for authenticity. After consolidating reports regarding Food insecurity, and Protections of Civilians(POC), South Sudanese(SPLA) leadership seized their Humanitarian Operations, they began to station the SPLA Peace-building Troops around the Bor Town areas along with the International Community to collectively curb those Khartoum government-led Sudan Army Forces(SAF)..

And after receiving consolidating reports regarding ‘Protections of Civilians’(POC) stipulated in UN charter book chapter VII, more or high volume of food security supplies arrived in Panyagor town in South Sudan. Since the Nuer-Nasir insurgency were defeated in the Areas, I had decided to migrate starting January 1999 for UNHCR-Kakuma Refugees Camp in Kenya. I have had eventually flown for Loki Town in Kenya with number of 147 passengers. Lives, and “reconstructions’ were improving, though.  And Basic Educations, especially were also put in place from 1st grade of Primary schooling upto 6th grade of Primary Schooling in both Panyagor Town, and/or Pawel Town in Twic East County, Jonglei State in South Sudan unlike in other Payam districts. There was not any kind of Basic Educations established. The strategy was to keep people in one place for potential insecurity in the Areas. So majority of Civilians that come from either river Nile basin areas or Equatorial areas were clustered together in the suburban areas of Panyagor town, and Pawel town in South Sudan. And this place is known today as Suburbian ‘Pataat’ Areas in Dinka language, meaning disorganized inhabitation areas. Before I flew for Loki town in Kenya, I was dwelling in ‘Pataat’ suburbian villages. And our “Tukul” house with few yards away from the farming field. We were closer to the landing Airstrip in the Compass of ‘Southside’ Blocks of Panyagor town in South Sudan. And we were located on the Map Quest’s Compass of ‘Eastside’ Blocks of Pawel town, Twic East County in South Sudan. However, South Sudan (SPLA)liberation troops were still in place. And ‘cluster bomb’ landmines were not demined and/or unearthed for potential foreseeable attacks from Nuer-Nasir insurgency.

Logistics, and Procurement infrastructure was muddy difficult, and risky bump in the roads. And most of United Nations (UN) led supplies were channeled into the Airspaces only with high and sophisticated security in the latitude flying air-zones. There were two (2) landing air-strips allocated that were much safer for United Nations (UN) led organizations. They were to land in Panyagor town ‘airport’, and in ‘Pa-Nueer’ air-strip in Bor South County in the heartland of ‘Anydi, and of Abii’ Payam districts in South Sudan. We made a friendly visit in Barefoot with my father colleagues, Mr. Mach Mel from Paleek sectarian clans in 1994 along with other young man by the Names, Mr. Manyok from Duk County in South Sudan. And we have had seen, and witnessed what that time-frame’s ongoing situations in the Bor South County to which Khartoum mercenary Armies were based in Bor Town in South Sudan. We heard from trusted intelligence that these Khartuom’s Sudan Army Forces(SAF) stationed in Bor Town had tons of Food Security since they had Ferry Cruise Ships coming back and forth to Bor Town through the river Nile streams. Probably they had a Navy since river Nile was a great leeway for them at the time. And river Nile authority arrangement was also put in the hands of Egyptians. It was heartbreaking and frightening experiences in that 1 year interval in the Bor South County with Mach Mel, Manyok from Duk County, and me from Kongor Payam district, Twic East County in South Sudan. We also paid a friendly visit to Malek Academy (it was a Colonial Theology School), which was Christian Missionaries’ Training Academy before 1956 independence to which South Sudan missionary Gordon Macuor probably from England has had trained theologists. And later, He was assassinated in Khartoum in Sudan. Devastated areas of Jonglei state in South Sudan were being fed through those two airports. And of course, they were heavily guarded so that enemies do not ‘hijack’ United Nations (UN) led Humanitarian Operations in the areas. There was a good, and/or spectacular Communication leverages put in place between the Jonglei State in South Sudan. And in the Loki town in Kenya, the UN had Food Security Supplies, and/or Operational areas in the time of Sudan’s Civil War,  and/or Tribal insurgencies. Each United Nations employees had Seventy-Seventy (‘77’) short ranged Talkie Radio. And it was mostly held in the pocket. This was very popular in the Hands of the United Nations(UN)-Field Representatives in our Less Developed Countries(LDC). .

Farming tools and seeds were distributed to civilians in both Counties of Bor South County, and of Twic East County in South Sudan. It was a second Humanitarian plans’ strategy known as ‘Exit strategy’ so that they started to flourish in the Areas. And they thrived on their own pace instead of the United Nations(UN)’s food Security dependency. Most people in the time have had highly welcomed this Humanitarian Exit plans’ strategy. And they subsequently began farming whilst Sudan’s Civil War was being fought in the part of the Country, especially in Equatorial regions. During our 1 year interval with my father long time friend, and/or colleagues Mach Mel from Paleek sectarian clans, and nearly my Aged-mate by Names Mr. Manyok from Duk County, we brought three(3) small seedling sacks to Bor South County’s village of ‘Waar-e-Mel’ meaning in Dinka language, the “family of Mel” water Borehole. We visited nearby livestock Camp by the Name ‘Mai-thok’ Cattle Camp, which historically belonged to Paleek Community, or ‘dhien’ in Dinka language. And there was also a small Chapel built in the Centre of village of ‘Waar-e-Mel’ adjacent to suburbian Bor Town in South Sudan. Of course, we later returned back for Panyagor town, where GOAL International organizations Orphanage Feeding Program Center’s Store Keeper, Mr. Mach Mel was working for GOAL International organizations.They used to feed, educate, and find them Orphanages’ shelters after they fled wreckage Country together with GOAL International Organizations’ Manager, Mr. Garang Kuei Mel, Veterinary Physician, Mr. Ahmed Deng Wel, and many other GOAL International Organizations’ Supporting staffs. There were tons of Non-for-profit Organizations that came to Panyagor town through United Nations led humanitarian Operations in South Sudan. Also my Biological father, Mr. Wuor Deng Jok was working for GOAL International Organizations. And there were a lot of supportive staff to which I have had never mentioned here in this “Memoir” Anthology. they had relocated their high ranking Staff for GOAL-Panyagor in South Sudan. lately, I did not yet find this GOAL International Organization. They probably still operating in Panyagor town during my recent trip in April 2010. Almost all Orphanages were taken back to their localities by closer, and extended relatives. And of course, it was the hand-over of “Personal responsibilities”, which consists of complicated Paper-works for under-aged groups. Sadly GOAL International Organizations’ Staff Manager, Mr. Garang Kuei Mel from Paleek sectarian clans in Bor South County in South Sudan. He is yet deceased by certain Pandemic diseases of 1983-2005 Sudan’s Civil War-time, and/or of Sudan’s Post-Civil War. And Mr. Mach Mel, and Mr. Ahmed Deng Wel are still alive. I physically met with Mr. Mach Mel in Bor Town in 2012 before I departed for United States of America(USA). I had spent a minimum of two (2) years of unpaid Family Leave of Absence(FMLA)from Strong Memorial Hospital(SMH)-Environmental Service Department. After decades away without seeing them, I was terrified, and/or homesick. A Trained veterinary Physician by the Names, Mr. Ahmed Deng Wel is now an Animal doctor in South Sudan. And He is still a big Boss for all of us. He used to flight back, and forth to get Animals’ Medications Supplies from Loki town in Kenya by Airspace Bus. And He returned to Panyagor town in South Sudan by the same AirBus. Unfortunately, I did not meet with him, again. And He was probably travelling inside the South Sudan. It would have had been great if we're-unioned once again after decades away without seeing one another. They were a great Administrative staff, Co-workers, and/or friends of my Biological father, Mr. Wuor Deng Jok.

Right before signing 1983-2005 North-South Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in Naivasha in Kenya, the 1991-1993 Nuer-Nasir insurgency leader Dr. Riek Machar-Teny from Unity State in South Sudan had made a Compromise Framework Agreement in Nairobi in Kenya. ‘Better said rather than nothing’ put in place. He is smart man. However, he was misled by Power Monopoly, and/or ethnic ambitions. He was circumvented, and lost in between what “divergent ways” to go for SPLM Liberation Movement Party, or for the SSIM Independent Movement Party. He is an Opportunist thinker, who would lead people much better out of “Religious Prosecutions”, and/or of “Slavery bondage.”  And of course, there must have had been other “multi-casualties”, and/or “de facto” implications that had contributed in his decisions to defect from the mainstream South Sudan(SPLM) liberation organization. He was later made to be a third-person in the South Sudan(SPLM)leadership hierarchy. And yet, he became the former 1st, or 2nd current vice-president of the Republics of South Sudan, especially in the Cabinet of Presidency. Although, he betrayed the South Sudan(SPLA) Army struggles, He became the Sudan’s Civil War hero, who has had overcome “tribulations”, and/or “Calamities” against the Khartoum regime. That 2002-“Nairobi Agreement” in Kenya was likely the “two-Men” Agreement between the SSIM Independent Movement Party leader, Dr. Riek Machar-Teny, and the SPLM Liberation Movement Party leader late Dr. John Garang de Mabior. He was unlikely pardoned by Amnesty International organizations for 1991-1993 Nuer Ethnic groups’ Tribal atrocities, and “War Mongering Crimes” against the Dinka Ethnic groups’ Populations in Areas of Upper Nile Regions in South Sudan.  But I think, He would not likely run for presidency of the Republics of South Sudan in Africa in the future. Who knows? He might run. Unfortunately, he lost his late wife Mrs. Emma McCune from United Kingdom. And She was killed by Matatu vehicle’s accident in Nairobi in Kenya. She was likely assassinated due to“acts of wickedness’ between the ‘1991-1998 Nuer-Nasir insurgency’, where they had waged “Tribal horrors” against the mainstream South Sudan(SPLA)Liberation Organizations with her SSIM Independent Movement Party leader, Dr. Riek Machar-Teny. She was monumental in the South Sudanese(SPLA) Army struggles, and/or “tribulations.” And it was only that she was misled. She hardly aligned herself to ethnic defections of 1991. She did not directly kill anyone in the “Counter-insurgency fighting” zones; she died by accident in Nairobi in Kenya before her husband Dr. Riek Machar-Teny made a decision to reunite with South Sudan(SPLA)Liberation Organizations rather than splitting apart from the mainstream Political organization to which he used to be a participant and a novice contributor with 1991-1998 SSIM Independent Movement’s High ranking Commands. He was the SPLA Commander, who held five stars before he defected from SPLM Party leadership. Since you might want to know more about her, just go to Google scholar, and type ‘Emma war’ book title search, written and dedicated to by her United Kingdom's mother. It is great tragedy, and marvelous lost for South Sudan. I Hope, she has had stayed until the Republics of South Sudan became a Country in 2011. Since signing of 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement(CPA)’s“Protocol mandate” for six-years Terms interval for referendum, they overwhelmingly voted for secession “at last” in 2011. Of course, this Plurality Representations(PR) votes as 2016 US President Donald Trump’s sons would compare, and/or contrast the 2016 Presidential Elections to the 2011 Republic of South Sudan’s referendum voting turnout. In 2011, the Republic of South Sudan seceded from Old Sudan by large Margin of errors plus-minus. This 2011 Referendum voting turnout showcased that Khartoum governments was rogued Regime in comparison with rest of Third World Countries’ Dictators. .